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VilniusVilnius (sometimes also Vilna in English, Belarusian Вільня, Polish Wilno, Russian Вильнюс, German Wilna, see also Cities alternative names) is the capital and largest city of Lithuania with population in excess of 540 thousand (in 2003). Geographic and population data Vilnius is situated in Southeastern Lithuania () at the confluence of the River Vilnia (Vilnelė) and the River Neris. This non-central location can be attributed to the changing shape of the nation's borders throughout past centuries; Vilnius was once not only culturally, but geographically the center of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and was also one of the major cities of the region. The distance from Vilnius to the Baltic Sea and Klaipėda, the main Lithuanian seaport, is about 312 km. The distance is rather large, but other cities such as Kaunas, Šiauliai, and Panevėžys can be reached quickly and easily. They are 102, 214 and 135 km from the capital respectively. The current area of Vilnius is 402 square kilometres. Buildings cover 20.2% of the city and in the remaining areas, greenery (43.9 %) and waters (2.1%) prevail. According to 2001 census by Vilnius Regional Statistical Office, there were 553904 inhabitants in Vilnius, of which 56.6% (313424) were Lithuanians, 18.3% (101526) Poles, 13.7% (75850) Russians, 3.8% (21484) Belarusians, the remaining have not indicated their nationality or indicated other nationalities. Vilnius is the largest administrative centre in Lithuania with all major political, economic, social and cultural institutions located in the city. The County of Vilnius covers the regions of Vilnius, Šalčininkai, Širvintos, Švenčionys, Trakai, Ukmergė and municipality of Elektrėnai; totalling up to 9,650 km². History Pagan times The area of present Vilnius has been inhabited by Slavs and then Lithuanians for centuries, as is proven by numerous archaeological findings in different parts of the city and is possibly a forgotten capital Voruta of the King Mindaugas. Vilnius itself was probably established as a village by Gediminas, Duke of Lithuania in the beginning on 14th century. It was granted city rights by Wladislaus II of Poland in 1387. Lithuanians have a tale about Vilnius' founding: according to the story, Vilnius per se was founded after Gediminas had a prophetic dream about an iron wolf houling on a top of the hill. When he asked a priest krivis Lizdeika for an explanation, he was told that he must build a castle on the top of that hill, which is strategically surrounded by three rivers (Vilnelė, Vilija (also known as Wilia or Neris) and Vingria (now underground)) and a grand city around that hill, so that "the iron-wolf-like sound about this great city would spread around the world". So Gediminas somehow turned pagan Lithuania back to Mindaugas pro-Western and Christian Europe establishing a capital in the former capital place though forging the original name to Vilnius. The city was first mentioned in written sources in 1323. The original part of Vilnius was the castle built by Gediminas on Castle Hill. The city became better known after Gediminas wrote a letter of invitation to the principal Hansa towns in 1325, offering free access into his domains to men of every order and profession. The town was initially populated by local Lithuanians, but soon the population began to grow ascraftsmen and merchants of other nationalities settled in the city. Between 1503 and 1522 the city was surrounded with walls that had nine gates and three towers. Vilnius reached the peak of its development under the reign of Sigismund II of Poland, who moved his court there in 1544. In the following centuries, Vilnius became a constantly growing and developing city. This growth was due in part, to the establishment of Vilnius University by King and Grand Duke Stefan I of Poland in 1579. The university soon developed into one of the most important scientific and cultural centres of the region and the most notable scientific centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Of course, political, economic and social life was also in full swing there. This is proved by statutes issued in the 16th century, the last of which was still in force until the 19th century. In 1769 the Rossa cemetery was founded; today it is one of the oldest surviving cemeteries in the world. Rapidly developing, the city was open to migrants from both East and West. Communities of Poles, Lithuanians, Belarusians, Jews, Russians, Germans, Karaims, Ruthenians and others established themselves in the city. Each group made its contribution to the life of the city: At that time crafts, trade and science were prospering. In 1655 Wilno was captured by the forces of Russia and was pillaged, burned and the population was massacred. City's growth lost its momentum for many years, yet the number of inhabitants quickly recovered and by the beginning of the 19th century the city was the third largest city in Eastern Europe. Russian occupation policy made the destruction of the city walls a must and after 1799-1805 period, only the Aušros Vartai gate (also known as Medininkų Gate or Ostra Brama) remained. After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Wilno was annexed by Russia and became the capital of a gubernya. In 1812 the city was seized by Napoleon on his push towards Moscow. After the failure of the campaign, the Grande Armee retreated to the area where thousands of French soldiers died and were buried in the trenches they had built months earlier. After the November Uprising the Vilna University was closed and repression halted the further development of the city. During the January Uprising in 1863 heavy city fights occurred, but were pacified by Mikhail Muravyov. Muravyov was nick-named The Hanger by the population because of the number of executions he organized. After the uprising all liberties were halted and the Lithuanian, Polish, and Belarusian languages were banned. During the World War I Wilna was occupied by Germany from 1915 until 1918. On February 16, 1918 in Vilnius The Restoration of Independence of Lithuania was proclaimed. After withdrawal of German forces the city was seized on January 1, 1919 by Polish self-defence units recruited from the local population. The institutions of the state were established but very soon, on January 3 1919 the city was taken by Bolshevik forces advancing from the east and proclaimed the capital of the short-lived Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania and Belarus. On April 19, 1919 the city was seized by the Polish Army but on July 14 it was lost again to Soviet forces. Shortly after the defeat in the Battle of Warsaw in 1920, the withdrawing Red Army handed the city over to the newly reborn Lithuania. However, on October 9, 1920 the the Lithuanian-Belarusian Division of the Polish Army under General Lucjan Żeligowski seized the city after a staged mutiny. The city and its surroundings were proclaimed a separate state of Central Lithuania and, after free parliamentary elections, in a result of the decision of Central Lithuanian Parliament, on February 20 1922 the whole area returned to Poland, with Wilno becoming the capital of the Wilno Voivodship, which was also soon approved by the Conference of Ambassadors of the League of Nations. Lithuanian authorities never accepted the fact that Vilnians elected to be part of Poland, even if in fact only below 0.7% of the city population was Lithuanian. The constitution of Lithuania mentioned Vilnius as the capital of the state and all diplomatic relations between Lithuania and Poland were broken. Lithuania declined to accept the Polish authority over the Eastern Lithuania and considered it an illegal occupation until 1938. In the meantime, for yet another time in its history the city enjoyed a period of fast development. The university was reopened under the name Stephen Bathory University and the city's infrastructure was improved significantly. By 1931 the city had 195,000 inhabitants, which made it the fifth largest city in Poland. As an effect of Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Soviet invasion, territories of Eastern Poland were occupied by Red Army, which seized the city on September 19, 1939. The city was initially planned as the capital of Belarussian SSR, but after talks in Moscow on October 10, 1939 the city and its surrounding areas were transferred to Lithuania in exchange for Soviet military bases established in various parts of that country. The Lithuanian authorities entered Vilnius shortly afterwards and the capital of Lithuania started to be gradually transferred there from Kaunas. However, the process was not yet finished when in June of 1940 Vilnius was again seized by the Soviet Union and became the capital of the Lithuanian SSR. Approximately 35,000 - 40,000 of the city inhabitants were arrested by the NKVD and sent to Gulags at that time. In June 1941 the city was again seized by Germany. In the old town centre 2 ghettos were set up for the large Jewish population, the smaller one of which was already in October 1941 liquidated. The inhabitants were executed in the forest of Paneriai about 10km west of the old town centre. The second ghetto lasted until 1943 though its population was regularly decimated in so called Aktionen. A failed Jewish ghetto uprising on September 1 1943 (the Vilna uprising) led to the final destruction of the ghetto. About 95% of the local Jewish population was murdered. Many of them were among 100,000 victims of the mass executions in Ponary. Most of the remaining 30,000 victims of the massacre were Poles: POWs, intelligentsia and members of the Home Army. Wilno was liberated in July 1944 by Polish Home Army together with the Red Army, only to be shortly afterwards incorporated into Soviet Union again. After World War II, Soviet government decided to expel Polish population from Lithuania and Belarus. This decision was implemented during so-called repatriation, organized by Soviet and Polish communist governments. Despite that repatriation was voluntary and certain part of Polish population didn't take part in it, it was very questionable from the side of humanity and justice. This way many old inhabitants left Vilnius, what is still seen by many people as misfortunate, especially of its negative effect on city's community traditions. These events, coupled with the immigration of Lithuanian rural population and Russians from other Soviet republics during post-war years had critical influence on the change of demographic situation of the city. However, growth of cities in Lithuania during this period and decreasing number of rural population caused rapid population upsurge in Vilnius since approximately 1960. Beginning in 1987 there were massive demonstrations against Soviet rule in the country. On March 11, 1990 the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR announced its independence from the Soviet Union and restored the independent Republic of Lithuania, which had been annexed by Soviets back in 1940. The Soviets responded on January 9, 1991, by sending in troops, and on January 13 during the Soviet Army attack on the State Radio and Television Building and the Vilnius TV retranslation tower 14 people were killed and more than 700 were seriously injured. However, the Soviet Union finally recognized Lithuanian independence in August 1991. Since then, Vilnius has been rapidly evolving and improving, transforming from a Soviet into a European city in less than 10 years. Vilnius Coat of Arms The Vilnius coat of arms is St. Christopher (Kristupas) wading in the water and carrying the Infant Jesus on his shoulders. The coat of arms was given to the city in the seventh year of its existence, i.e. in 1330. In pagan times, i.e. until the end of the 14th century, the Vilnius coat of arms featured Titan Alkis, hero of Lithuanian ancient tales, carrying his wife Janteryte on his shoulders across the river. The origin of the name Vilnius It is believed that Vilnius, like so many cities, was named after a river on whose banks it lies, i.e. the River Vilnia. Tourism information Vilnius is a modern, cosmopolitan city reminiscent of Copenhagen or Paris, with mixed architecture. There are more than 40 churches in Vilnius to see. Restaurants, hotels and museums have sprouted since Lithuania declared independence, and young Vilnius residents are providing the city a reputation for being the most hospitable in the world as evidenced by the large membership of the Hospitality Club. Like most medieval towns, Vilnius has developed around its Town Hall. The main artery, Pilies Street, links the governor's palace and the Town Hall. Other streets meander through the palaces of feudal lords and landlords, churches, shops and craftsmen's workrooms. Narrow, curved streets and small cosy courtyards developed in the radial layout of the medieval Vilnius. The Old Town, historical centre of Vilnius, is one of the largest in Europe (3.6 km²). The most valuable historic and cultural sites are concentrated here. The buildings in the old town - there are nearly 1,500 - were built over several centuries, creating a splendid blend of many different architectural styles. Although Vilnius is often called a baroque city, here you will find some buildings of gothic, renaissance and other styles. The main sights of the city are the Gediminas Castle and the Cathedral Square, symbols of the capital. Their combination is also a gateway to the historic centre of the capital. Because of its uniqueness, the Old Town of Vilnius was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. In 1995 the only known cast of Frank Zappa was installed in the centre of Vilnius with the permission of the government. Konstantinas Bogdanas, the renowned Lithuanian sculptor who had previously been casting busts of Vladimir Lenin, immortalized Zappa. Famous Vilnians - Michał Andriolli (1836-1893), painter
- Teodor Bujnicki (19071944), poet
- Jan Karol Chodkiewicz (1560-1621), Polish politician and hetman
- Icchak Cukierman (1915-1981) - one of the leaders of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
- Elijah ben Solomon Gaon mi Vilna (1720-1797), Jewish scholar and Kabbalist
- Antoni Gorecki (1787-1861), writer
- Stanisław Jasiukiewicz (1921-1973), actor
- Mieczysław Karłowicz (1876-1909) - Polish composer
- Kazimierz Kontrym (1776-1836), writer and politician
- Czesław Miłosz (1911-2004), poet, Nobel prize in Literature
- Maurycy Orgelbrand (1826-1904) and Samuel Orgelbrand (1810-1868)
- Jerzy Passendorfer (1923-2003), film director
- Artūras Paulauskas (b. 1953), speaker of the Lithuanian Seimas
- Emilia Plater (1806-1831), soldier and revolutionist
- Kazimierz Plater (1915-2004), chess master
- Ada Rusowicz (1944-1991), singer
- Bolesław Bohusz-Siestrzeńcewicz (1869-1940), general
- Piotr Skarga (1536-1612), theologist, writer and the first rector of the Wilno Academy
- Irena Sławińska (1913-2004), historian and theatrologist
- Jędrzej Śniadecki (1768-1838), chemician, biologist and philosopher
- Jzef Świętorzecki (1876-1936), general
- Władysław Syrokomla (1823-1862), poet, writer and translator
- Zygmunt Vogel (1764-1826), painter
- Antoni Wiwulski (1877-1919), sculptor and architect
- Tomasz Zan (17961855), poet
Climate The climate of Vilnius is transitional between continental and maritime. The average annual temperature is + 6.1 degrees Celsius, in January being – 4.9 and +17.0 degrees Celsius in July. The average precipitation is about 661 mm per year. There are extremely hot summers with temperatures above thirty degrees Celsius throughout the whole day. It is a real joy for owners of bars, cafs and night clubs as well as for people desiring entertainment: night life in Vilnius is in full swing on such days. Transport Vilnius is the starting point of the Vilnius-Kaunas-Klaipėda and the Vilnius-Panevėžys highways. Though the river Neris may be navigable, no regular water routes exist. Vilnius International Airport serves most Lithuanian international flights to many major European destinations. Vilnius railway station is an important hub as well. There is a trolleybus network for main public transport routes. An urban rail system is planned for the future. More information can be found at the Vilnius Transport website. External links
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