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Illuminated ManuscriptAn illuminated manuscript is a manuscript, often of a religious nature, in which the text is supplemented by the addition of colourful ornamentation, such as decorated initials, borders and the like. Motifs used in illumination are frequently taken from heraldry or religious symbolism. For a list of pre-modern illuminated manuscripts please see List of Late Antique, Medieval, and Renaissance illuminated manuscripts. Techniques Illumination was a complex and frequently costly process. As such, it was usually reserved for special books: an altar Bible, for example. Wealthy people often had richly illuminated "books of hours" made, which set down prayers appropriate for various times in the liturgical day. Text In the making of an illuminated manuscript, the text was usually written first. Sheets of vellum, animal hides specially prepared for writing, were cut down to the appropriate size. After the general layout of the page was planned (eg initial capital, borders), the page was lightly ruled with a pointed stick, and the scribe went to work with ink-pot and either sharpened quill feather or reed pen. The script depended on local customs and tastes. The sturdy Roman letters of the early Dark Ages gradually gave way to cursive scripts such as Uncial and half-Uncial, especially in the British Isles, where distinctive scripts such as insular majuscule and insular minuscule developed. Stocky, richly textured blackletter was first seen around the 13th century and was particularly popular in the later Middle Ages. Images When the text was complete, the illustrator set to work. Complex designs were planned out beforehand, probably on wax tablets, the sketch pad of the era. The design was then traced onto the vellum (possibly with the aid of pinpricks or Paints The medival artist's palette was surprisingly broad: | style="border-top: solid 2px #999; border-bottom: solid 1px #999;" | Source(s) | | Red | Cinnabar in its natural mineral form or synthesized (also called vermillion, mercuric sulphide); "red lead" or minium (Pb3O4); insect-based colors such as cochineal and kermes; iron oxide-rich earth compounds | | Yellow | Plant-based colors, such as saffron; yellow earth colors (ochre); orpiment (As2S3, Arsenic Sulfide) | | Green | Plant-based compounds such as buckthorn berries; copper compounds such as verdigris and malachite | | Blue | Ultramarine (made from the mineral lapis lazuli); azurite; smalt; plant-based substances such as woad, indigo, and folium or turnsole | | White | Lead white (also called "flake white", basic lead carbonate (PbCO3)); chalk | | Black | Carbon, from sources such as lamp black, charcoal, or burnt bones or ivory; sepia; iron gall | | Gold | Gold, in leaf form (hammered extremely thin) or powdered and bound in gum arabic or egg (called "shell gold") | | style="border-bottom: solid 2px #999;" | Silver | style="border-bottom: solid 2px #999;" | Silver, either silver leaf or powdered, as above; tin leaf | See also External links
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